Poster Session

Posters Snapshot

Updated: Friday, 06 November 2009. Download the programme book here [1.96 Mb].

Policy	Forestry	Marine
Health	Food Security	Energy/Biofuel

Policy

Structured Survey of the Most Significant ASEAN-EU S&T Relations

Àgota Laczó-Dàvid, Béla Kardon, Virág Zsár, Nóra Jeney [Collegium Budapest, 1014 Budapest, Szentháromság u. 2, Tel: +36-1-224-8300, Fax: +36-1-224-8310, www.colbud.hu]

The structured survey report interprets the scientific relations between the two regions of SEA-EU-NET: FP7 countries (members of the European Union and associated countries to the Framework Program 7) and South-East-Asian countries (members of ASEAN). It consists of a review about the scientific landscape and the bilateral connections of every partner country and a final analysis about their multilateral and bilateral connections.

Multilateral relations between South-East-Asian countries and FP7 countries were examined on the basis of the collaboration in the frame of the last two Framework Programs of the European Union for Research and Technological Development – FP6 and FP7. The number of projects involving SEA countries as well as the thematic areas of co-operation were investigated. www.colbud.hu]

Bilateral co-operation schemes were analysed on the basis of a questionnaire containing general science & technology policy issues, bilateral S&T Agreements, financial information and thematic priorities of the co-operation. The second part of the survey was a project inventory, a list of bilateral projects with data about co-operating partners, institutions and thematic areas.

As far as the main findings of the questionnaire served as background information about the scientific landscape of the partners, the aim of the analysis of the inventory was to define co-operation areas of mutual interest. Generally speaking the main conclusion was that bilateral co-operation still significantly exceeds regional collaboration

End of data gathering: March 2009.

Fraunhofer Representatitive Office Indonesia - The Activities On Renewable Energy

A.A.G. Peter Karang, Julie Pamela [Fraunhofer Representative Office Indonesia, Menara Thamrin Suite 3A07, Jl. M.H. Thamrin Kav. 3, E-mail: peter.karang@fraunhofer.or.id, Website: www.fraunhofer.or.id, www.fraunhofer.de]

The research, development and technical services offered by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) are concentrated in six areas of business. Each of these contains a large number of marketing aspects. Further information about the areas of marketing can be found in the following Energy Efficient Buildings, Applied Optics and Functional Surfaces, Silicon-Photovoltaics, Alternative Photovoltaic Technologies , Renewable Power Supply, Hydrogen Technology.

The variety of Fraunhofer research and development is mirrored in the marketing area. In the booming solar industry, the role of materials testing, certification and quality control is becoming increasingly significant. As a complement to Fraunhofer's research and development work, it offers its clients associated testing and certification services. At present, Fraunhofer ISE has four accredited testing units: the Test Centre for Solar Thermal Systems, the Thermal-Optical Measurement Laboratory, the Test Centre for Photovoltaics and the ISE Calibration Laboratory CalLab. Further service units include a test facility for compact heating and ventilation units, a laboratory for quality control of phase change materials (PCM) and a battery testing laboratory.

Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ATBC) 2010 Conference, Bali, Indonesia, "Tropical Biodiversity: Surviving the Food, Energy, and Climate Crisis"

Dr. Gillian Dean [ATBC 2010 Organising Committee; www.atbc2010.org]

The 2010 international meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation will be held 19-23 July at the Sanur Beach Hotel in Bali, Indonesia. The ATBC, founded in 1963, is the world's largest professional society devoted to promoting biological research and conservation in the tropics, and fostering communication among biologists working in tropical countries. This year will be the first time the full Association has met in Southeast Asia.

The conference theme is "Tropical biodiversity: surviving the food, energy, and climate crisis." We will tackle major environmental issues of relevance to professional biologists, managers and politicians, while also exploring the amazing biological diversity of the tropics, as exemplified by the forests and oceans of Indonesia. Many subdisciplines of biology will be represented, from ecosystem ecology to microbiology, from marine physiology to forest conservation, from biodiversity informatics to education. The conference will comprise plenary talks, parallel oral sessions, and poster sessions, with banquets and cultural events. The conference location actually overlooks Wallace's line and provides an excellent base for field trips to the various islands of Indonesia. Student participation is welcomed, and we plan to offer numerous scholarship and mentorship opportunities.

We invite you to submit proposals for organized oral sessions (symposia) before 15 December 2009, and to prepare abstracts for papers before 15 February 2010. General registration will open in November and close 15 March 2010. Please see: http://atbc2010.org/ for further details. Come join us for an exciting meeting on a beautiful, friendly tropical island in the World's most biologically and culturally diverse archipelago!

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Establishment of FP7 National Info Points in the South East Asia

Elif Özkaragöz [International Cooperation (INCO), TÃ��Ã¯Â¿Â½Ã�Â¯Ã�Â¿Ã�Â½Ã��Ã�Â¯Ã��Ã�Â¿Ã��Ã�Â½Ã��Ã¯Â¿Â½Ã��Ã�Â¯Ã��Ã¯Â¿Â½Ã��Ã�Â¿Ã��Ã¯Â¿Â½Ã��Ã�Â½�BITAK FP7 National Coordination Office, Ataturk Blv. No: 221 06100 Kavaklidere, Ankara TURKEY; Tel: +90 312 468 53 00/ Ext. 2760; Fax: +90 312 427 40 24; e-mail: elif.ozkaragoz@tubitak.gov.tr; www.tubitak.gov.tr; www.fp7.org.tr]

SEA-EU-NET project aims to raise the awareness about FP7 and to increase the participation to FP7 in the SEA region. Establishment of National Contact/Info Points (NCP) is one of the aims of the project. In this regard,the SEA-EU-NET Project NCP Training Session was held on 9-20 February 2009. The first part of the training was held at the TÜBİTAK Headquarters, Ankara, Turkey. The second part was held at DLR, Bonn, Germany and the final session was organized in the TURBO, Brussels, Belgium. The main aim of the training was to assist Southeast Asian countries (SEA) in the process of setting up FP7 Contact Points by providing a two-week training session to administrators. It was carried out in collaboration with European NCPs within a flexible office atmosphere both in Ankara and in Bonn with the participation of 14 people from the SEA countries. Moreover Commissioners from the European Commission also participated to and gave valuable information at the Brussels session of the event.

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International Networking in Marine Science and Education A Call for new Nodes in the Southeast-Asian Web

Dr Karen von Juterzenka [Dep. of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, http://www.ipb.ac.id]

IIn an era of global climate change, economic and environmental crises, marine scientists are exceedingly challenged. There is a growing demand for specialists in relevant disciplines as well as well-connected coordinators strengthening interlinkages to neighbouring action fields in education, management and politics. This is especially true for marine science and education in the Indonesian archipelago and in the Coral Triangle area as a global hotspot of marine biodiversity

The increase of anthropogenic influence as well as the change of natural gradients and stress levels lead to shifts in the distribution of species, alteration of food webs, changes in stability and resilience of ecosystems. Marine science education, research and science politics have to work hand-in hand to keep up with all issues human society is facing and develop long-term solutions. Small-scale solutions like interdisciplinary, international training courses, summer schools and collaborative programs set good examples, but are by far not sufficient to deal with the upcoming challenges.

Two examples of small-scale education and research projects which opened new perspectives are presented here. Our long-term goal is to build on existing projects and networks to identify, where interdisciplinary issues can be addressed from all angles, ranging from land-sea interactions, marine and coastal management issues to e-learning in science education. All interested parties are invited to join.

Analysis of opportunities and pitfalls in Southeast Asian European S&T cooperation

Jacco van den Heuvel, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) Jacco.van.den.Heuvel@bureau.knaw.nl 0031-20-5510882

FP7 International Coordination Network SEA EU NET is currently drafting an advisory report on opportunities and pitfalls in science and technology cooperation. Identifying best opportunities and possible pitfalls will provide input for recommendations for future collaboration between researchers from Southeast Asia and Europe.

Cooperation between Southeast Asia and Europe in both publicly and privately funded S&T can be very beneficial to both areas, provided we overcome a number of major challenges on both sides. Investments levels differ in various countries in both regions, interests of researchers might vary, and the connection to local or regional societal problems is not always evident.

The report presents an analysis of perceptions of researchers and policy makers of international S&T cooperation between these regions. It will further provide a number of draft recommendations for future S&T cooperation. It will do so by addressing the following topics:

International S&T cooperation
S&T funding instruments
EU Framework programmes
Capacity building schemes as pre-requisite for S&T development

The report is based on an analysis of information obtained through both workshops with focus groups and individual interviews with researchers and policy advisors both in Southeast Asia and Europe, as well as through desk research. It will be published in spring 2010.

Conference participants are encouraged to give feedback on the draft recommendations listed on the poster, and to provide additional recommendations for future successful S&T cooperation. Concrete examples of successful cooperation arrangements are also highly appreciated.

MARINE

Genetic Variation of Anadara granosa dan Crassostrea sp Shellfish (Mollusc, Bivalve): Temperature Fluctuation's Impact?

Yeni Sulistiyani^1, Ita Widowati², Sutrisno Anggoro², [¹Student of Double Degree Master Programme of Excellent Scholarship, Marine Resources Planning and Management - MSDP -, Diponegoro University, ²Lecturer of Double Degree Master Programme of Excellent Scholarship, Marine Resources Planning and Management - MSDP- Diponegoro University - MSDP- Diponegoro University]

Climate change is a serious global issue; it has been long discussed because of its impact in whole of the world. The climate fluctuation particularly temperature; invite the marine organisme respond especially bivalve. The aim of this research is to know how the genetic variation of shellfish species: Anadara granosa and Crassostrea sp lived in intertidal zone much influenced by the temperature fluctuation. In this research, the enzymes analyzed are the enzyme related with the temperature adaptation, which are Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH), Esterase (EST), Glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and Phosphoglucomutase (PGM). The results show that among 4 enzymes, most of the loci are polimorfs. For MDH’s loci of A. granosa are controlled by 3 loci (Mdh2, Mdh3 and Mdh4). Mdh2 is monomorf while the others are polimorfs. On Crassostrea sp, MDH provide 4 loci, 3 of them are polimorfs (Mdh2, Mdh5 and Mdh6), and Mdh1 is monomorf. Loci of EST on A. granosa consists of 4 loci (Est1, Est2 and Est5) characterized polimorfs and Est3 is monomorf. Two loci regulate the EST on Crassostrea sp, both of them are polimorfs. For GPI, the band’s expression revealed clearly 4 loci (Gp1, Gpi2, Gpi3 and Gpi4) for the two shellfishs species. One locus polymorf of A. granosa is Gpi1 while on Crassostrea sp there are 2 locus (Gpi1 and Gpi4). The allele within Gpi loci is more variable in Crassostrea sp; especially on Gpi4 composited 5 alleles while 3 alleles on A. granosa. Two locus of A. granosa and 3 locus polymorfs of Crassostrea sp are located in PGM. Functioning some locus and characterized with polmorphisms perhaps caused by an adaptation of the temperatre fluctuation in longtime periode, because of the global climate change.
Keywords : Anadara granosa, Climate Change, Crassostrea sp, Esterase, Glucose Phosphate Isomerase, Malate Dehydrogenase, Phosphoglucomutase, Temperature.

Identification of microalgae which has potency for heavy metal bioremediation agents from three different aquatic ecosystems

Yeni Sulistiyani^1, Ita Widowati², Sutrisno Anggoro², [Nita Rukminasari, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar State University, Makasar 90245, South Sulawesi, Phone: +62 411 588828, Email : nita_r@unhas.ac.id/nitasari_02@hotmail.com]

The main problem of aquatic ecosystem is caused by pollution of heavy metal that comes from industrial disposal and domestic. This pollution is causing loss of biodiversity, also the increasing of bioaccumulation and biomagnifications from the poisonous materials at the food web.

There are some technique to lessen and eliminate content of heavy metal at waste industry and domestic, such as evaporation alkaline, ion transfer, disposal in chemistry and technology membrane and filtration. But all techniques have some limitations, for example: production from materials residual that is very high, harmful metal ion stream from treatment, materials organic that often pursue process, low of process efficiency at low heavy metal concentration.

Biotechnology bases action from alga growth in active can break several of limitations from technology previously.

The aims of this research are:

Determine concentration of existing heavy metal in the three different aquatic ecosystems (Estuary, River and handmade lake)
Identify microalgae dominant from three different aquatic ecosystems where have polluted by several type of heavy metal.

HEALTH

From Forest to Medicinal Industry

Surya Hadi [Study Program of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Jalan Majapahit 62 Mataram-Lombok, 63125, sur_hadi @telkom.net]

Tropical rainforest is well known as sources of drugs sold worldwide. To investigate bioactive constituents from large varieties of the forest plants, a combined chemo- and bio-rational strategy based on alkaloids extracted from medicinal plants was developed. By targeting alkaloid-containing medicinal plants, it was demonstrated that novel compounds with required bioactivity would be found and isolated more efficiently. The poster will show how the strategy is able to locate several new and known bioactive alkaloids from medicinal plants collected from forest of Lombok Island, Indonesia

Expression of GST-NS1 DEN-3 (Indonesian Strain D3-1703) recombinant protein in Escherichia coli BL21 STAR

V. Narita^{1, 3}, A. Rudiyanto^1, A. Estika^3, M. T. Soediro²[¹Centre for Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Jakarta, Indonesia. BPPT Building II, 15th floor, Jl. M. H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia. Telephone/fax: +62-21-3169533/+62-21-3169505. Cell:+62-21-81289242090. Email: vnarita2000@yahoo.com, ²Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, ³Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Al Azhar Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia]

Due to the global warming climate change, tropical diseases such as dengue can become prominent in subtropical countries. Furthermore, it is postulated that viruses can be easily mutated under this climate change. Current global migration could cause epidemics for diseases previously unknown to certain parts of the world. Thus, diagnostic system should be considered as one of the prevention disease mechanisms. NS1 protein detection in diagnosing dengue infection is crucial and needs to be accurate. At the moment, dengue diagnostic system commercially available in Indonesian market is not based on NS1 antigens developed from Indonesian dengue virus strains. Therefore, it is important to develop similar diagnostic system based on NS1 antigen detection isolated from Indonesian strains. The objective of this study is to express the previously cloned dengue virus type 3 NS1 gene isolated from Indonesian dengue virus type 3 strain.

Previously cloned NS1 gene isolated from Indonesia was expressed by IPTG induction mechanism inside Escherichia coli BL21 Star. First, growth curve was generated and time induction was determined. Recombinant E. coli was then induced and lysed open by chemical or sonication treatment. The total proteins were run on SDS-PAGE and tested for the presence of GST-NS1 by western blot using anti-GST antibody. The functionality of this recombinant NS1 was analyzed by western blot using serum from dengue patients in Indonesia.

FORESTRY

The Potential of Plantation Forest in Climate Change Mitigation - Case Study as Yielding Timber and Carbon Sequestration in PT. Finnantara Intiga Plantation Forest, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Ganjar Oki Widhanarto, M.Sc [1Departement of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia 6271, Email: ganjar_for@yahoo.com, Phone: +6281345337761)]

The development of plantation forests (Hutan Tanaman Industri/HTI) in Indonesia is an ongoing activity, with planting of fast-growing species. The establishment of exotic fast-growing trees is one way of rehabilitating unproductive forest lands. The Research aims at estimating the potential of plantation forest in yielding timber for industry and in absorbing CO₂ as a service to environment. The research was conducted in plantation forest PT. Finnantara Intiga Sanggau, West Kalimantan on the strightened type of Acacia Mangium WILLD. To estimate the timber-producing potential, a straightened inventory listing was conducted using sampling method. To estimate the content of biomass, the " destructive sampling" is used by cutting some trees in each age level ( 1-7 year) spread across Sanggau area. Sample trees were analysed in the laboratory to quantify biomass and carbon. The potential of CO₂sequestration estimated by trees carbon content. Result of the research indicates that the plantation forest PT. Finnatara Intiga has timber-producing potential 128,37 m3/hectare equal to 68,03 ton/hectare and CO₂ sequestration that can be conducted of HTI PT. Finnantara Intiga is as high as 38,05 ton/ha. Planted area in plantation forest PT. Finnantara Intiga until 2005 is 40.710 ha and assumption this rate is constant, a total of 1,55 million tons/year CO₂that can be absorbed. Supposed that PT. Finnantara Intiga does not develop these plantations on these baren lands, these 1,55 million tons CO₂ will be accumulated in the atmosphere, therfore contributing to global warming. The development of plantation forest, particularly using fast growing species, not only increase forest productivity, but also will balance supply and timber raw material requisition for the forestry industry in the short term. If its forest management sustains, planted forests will play a role as provider of an environmental service in CO₂ sequestration to reduce global warming that affects all mankind.

Keyword : Plantation forest, Acacia mangium WILLD, timber volume, CO₂ sequestration

Development of Environmental Friendly Composite Board Made From Bamboo, Veneer and Log Core of Rubber Wood (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Ex A. Juss.) Mull. Arg.)

Sukma Surya Kusumah¹⁾, Muh. Yusram Massijaya²⁾, Bambang Subiyanto³⁾ [¹⁾ Research and Development Unit of Biomaterial, LIPI Cibinong Email: Sukma_fahutan@yahoo.co.id.
²⁾ Forest Products Department, Faculty of Forestry. Bogor University of Agriculture/Bogor Institute of Agriculture. ³⁾ Center for Innovation, LIPI Jakarta.]

Decreasing of wood raw material supply for wood industry encourage stakeholders in Indonesia for increasing wood utilization efficiency and other lignocelluloses raw material. The objective of this research was to develop an environmental friendly composite board made from bamboo mat, rubber wood veneer, and log core waste of rubber wood. The composite boards consist of seven layers. The face, back and cross band layers used bamboo mat and rubber wood veneer. The core layer made from log core waste of rubber wood. The bamboo mat made from slices of Betung, Andong, and Tali bamboo species. The core layer was square and silindric forms, that were arrange in zigzag design. Water Based Polymer Isocyanate (polyurethane) was used as adhesive in composite board productions at level of 10% based on oven dry ligno-cellulosic material used. The research results show that the composite board made of Andong bamboo veneer, and square strip of log core performed better quality compared to those of other composite boards. The above type of composite board fulfilled Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) No. 1516, 2003 for structural plywood. These composite boards were suitable for structural utilization and classified as environmental friendly composite board.

Keywords: bamboo, veneer, log-core, structural utilization, environmentally friendly composite board.

Population of Denitrifying Bacteria and their Activity on Contributing N₂O production of polluted soil and the implication of agricultural wastes amendment under green house experiments

Sarjiya Antonius, Dwi Agustyani, Nunik Sulistinah and Hartati Imamudin [Division of Microbiology, Research Center for Biology-LIPI. Contact: sarjiya.antonius@lipi.go.id, sarj.antonius@gmail.com]

The sources of agricultural soil pollutant in Indonesia mainly are from polluted irrigation water or agrochemical. It is serious environmental problem that the wastewater of textile factory not only damages several hundreds hectares rice field but may also affects on stimulating N₂O production. The other serious problems are over use of pesticides and chemical fertilizer on growing vegetable. In this study, the physiological and ecological status of denitrifying microorganisms in relation with N2O production of rice field which was polluted by wastewater textile factory in Rancaekek, Bandung, and soil of intensive vegetable plantation, which receives long-term of pesticides treatments, Cipanas-West Java Indonesia were investigated.

Generally, the concentrations of all metals in rice field along Cikijing canal that was contaminated textile industry, increased with decreasing distance from the source of contamination. The nearest rice field (1 km distance) showed contamination of Cu, Zn and Hg at concentration 28.13 ppm, 152.50 ppm and 84.67 ppb, respectively. An increase of metal concentration influences soil microbial properties. CFU of total bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and nitrate reduction activity decreased with increasing heavy metal concentrations. Interestingly in the heaviest polluted soil the N₂O reduction was seriously inhibited. The second field study was in intensive upper land agriculture. These areas were cultivated with different vegetable products such as broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), carrot (Daucus carota), coyote (Sechium edule). Each plantation received long-term pesticide treatment (curacron, decis and antracol) with different concentration. The soil enzyme activities in the broccoli plantation that received long-term pesticide treatments indicated that nitrate reduction activities as well as N₂O reduction, were about 30 % lower than non-pesticide agriculture land (coyote plantation).

The second major studies were pot experiments under green house for the bioremediation of those polluted soil by applying selected indigenous or introduction of microorganisms and addition of finely ground rice straw. The observation indicated that treatments of finely ground rice straw as well as indigenous heavy metals resistance bacteria on textile industry polluted soil increased the population of bacteria. Increasing activity of nitrate reduction as well as N₂O reduction activity was also observed under such treatment. Under similar condition, addition of finely ground rice straw to soil that have received long-term pesticides of upper land agriculture also showed increasing the microorganisms population and their activities. The possibilities of using microbial community and agricultural waste on controlling N₂O production of sustainable agriculture are further discussed in this report.

Impacts of agricultural land change on biodiversity and ecosystem services in Kahayan watershed, Central Kalimantan

Joeni S. Rahajoe¹⁾, Alhamd, L.¹⁾, Walujo, E. B.¹⁾, Limin, H. S.²⁾, M.S.Suneetha³⁾, Braimoh, A. K⁴⁾ and Kohyama, T.⁵⁾ [¹⁾ Research Center for Biology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences/LIPI, ²⁾ CIMTROP (Center for International Management Tropical Peatland, ³⁾ United Nation University ⁴⁾Global Land Project, Hokkaido University, ⁵⁾ Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University]

The study on the impact of agricultural land change on biodiversity and ecosystem services was carried out in Bawan Village, located about 60 km northeast of Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Most of the area is covered mainly by heath forest, with scattered patches of peat swamp forest. From 1968 until 1980's, private forest concessions were rampant leading to wood and rattan exploitation. For easier accessibility, forest concession companies built a road for transporting forest products to the nearest river, from where they were delivered by boat downstream. This forest concession led to the degradation of the forest ecosystem and consequently affected the livelihoods of the local people (Dayak). Before 1980s, the main source of income to the local people was from the manufacture of small boats and wooden house rooftops, with supplemental revenue derived from agriculture. After forest concession, Bawan villagers converted the clear-cut area to rubber plantation. Rubber cultivation in the area has expanded to some 1100 ha by 2008. This expansion has influenced microclimate, biodiversity and water resources. The poor quality of the Kahayan River due to human activities has made the people to shift to consuming water from a spring located about 3 km from the village. Deforestation also increased river sedimentation, thereby increasing flood frequency. This research identifies specific policy interventions to reduce the vulnerability of the Dayak and their environments to undesirable effects of land change.

Keywords: Bawan, clear cutting, land use, human activity, biodiversity, Kahayan.

Study on population of rizosphere bacteria in ex-gold mining area (tailing) to overcoming on enviromental crisis (In Order To Used in The Biological Reclamation)

Wiwik Ekyastuti [Faculty of Forestry, Tanjungpura University, wieky_serdam@yahoo.co.id, Jl. Imam Bonjol, Pontianak]

The objectives of this research were: 1) to observe and identify the existence of useful rhizosphere bacteria existing in the tailing of Mandor district, 2) to compare the population of rhizosphere bacteria at 3 different age levels namely: 1, 3 and 6 years after mining activities, and 3) to select all the bacteria found and make them as isolate collection for use during biological reclamation. The research were done by 2 steps, that are : taking tailing sample and laboratory analysis (isolation and determination).

The result found that there were 9 isolates of beneficial rhizosphere bacteria in tailing area, that derived from 3 groups of bacteria that consist of 5 isolates of phosphate solvent bacteria (isolate code : Pf-sp1, Pf-sp2, Pf-sp3, Pf-sp4 and Pf-sp5); 2 isolates of non-symbiotic N-fixing bacteria (isolate code : Az-sp1 and Az-sp2) and 2 isolates of nitrification bacteria (isolates code : Ni-sp1and Ni-sp2). The limitation of successfully isolated bacteria from each bacteria group shows that there are only few bacteria capable of living in the tailing rhizosphere environment. The research also found that the density of bacterial population were not different in the different tailing age and pioneer species. This fact provides an indication that the succession process in the tailing area takes place very slowly.

Keyword : tailing, rizosphere bacteria.

Contribution of Intensive Silviculture/TPTII Forest Management Model in Climate Change Mitigation
-A Case Study to Society Benefits of Forests and Carbon Conservation-

Ir. Gusti Hardiansyah, M.Sc. QAM. [Research and Development, PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma, Head Office : Jl. Balikpapan Raya No. 14 Jakarta Pusat, Branch Office : Jl. Adisucipto Km. 5,3 Sungai Raya Pontianak, Email : gusti.hardiansyah@gmail.com (Telp : +628115707144)]

This study was conducted in the area of Intensive Silviculture/ TPTII of PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma in Central Kalimantan. Research purposes to analyze society benefits of forests and carbon sequestration from TPTII forest management model. The results of the research showed that the increasing of TPTII forest management model lead to the increasing recognition of indigenous people and make condusive certainty of the business. The community development/PMDH and implementation of a continuous TPTII forest management model can press shifting cultivation growing rate of deforestation & degradation in the year to 50, as compared to no guidance of other parties and TPTII forest management model. In term of Carbon Conservation that forest society prefer to plant attractively is Rubber, Meranti & Tengkawang. Compensation value for carbon conservation feasible for the community of Rp. 380.000/mounth/family. To involve the community directly in conservation activities in the carbon framework of REDD, then suggested to the program within the community, increasing the number and skills of communities and local labor, desimination activities of TPTII to the community, and providing a compensation fund can be derived from the DR/Reforestation Fee or other source of funds.

Keyword: customary recognition, conflict, business certainty, carbon conservation, compensation

FOOD SECURITY

Dynamics and Biodiversity of microorganisms (fungi, yeast and bacteria) by PCR-DGGE, influencing OTA production on coffee beans

Durand Noel, El Sheikha Aly^1.2, Fontana Tachon ¹, Montet Didier

[¹ UMR Qualisud (CIRAD, Universit Montpellier II), 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, Francel; ²Department of Food Science and Technology (Minufiya University, Faculty of Agriculture), 32511 Shibin El Kom, Egypt.]

Corresponding author: E-mail address: noel.durand@cirad.fr

Ochratoxin A is a secondary metabolite produced by various filamentous fungi contaminating in a wide range of food and animal feedstuffs. OTA has been shown to possess nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, immunodepressive and teratogenic properties.

In tropical zones, OTA is mainly produced in coffee beans by three Aspergillus species: A. carbonarius, A. niger section Nigri and A. ochraceus section Circumdati. Among them, the most important OTA producer and the most frequently isolated is A. carbonarius. In temperate zones Penicillium verrucosum and P. nordicum are known to synthetize OTA in food commodities, The OTA content in coffee was shown to be closely link to harvesting conditions, post-harvest processing conditions and especially dry processing, storage and transportation conditions. In some producing countries, damaged caused on beans by other fungal communities undoubtedly lead to high OTA contents in coffee.

In order to understand the OTA contamination process in foodstuffs, PCR-DGGE (Polymerase Chain Reaction - Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) assays were carried out on coffee microflora. PCR-DGGE is a rapid molecular technique that was developed to monitor the dynamics of microbial populations (fungi, yeast and bacteria). PCR-DGGE is used to characterize the microbial flora of food products by extraction and amplification of 16S, 26S and 28S rDNA for bacteria, yeast and fungi. PCR-DGGE stages i.e: extraction and amplification were optimized. Detection limits are estimated on several fungus, yeast, and bacteria. Additionally, repeatability and sensibility of the methodology were also tested.

The dynamics of fungus populations linked to OTA production, as well as post-harvest phytopathogens, could thus be studied by PCR-DGGE genetic fingerprinting. The advantages of this method are it efficiency on all microbial species (fungi, yeast and bacteria) and on the possibility of analysing a wide number of samples (30 samples) in a unique batch.

New Strategies of Traceability for Determining the Geographical Origin of Foodstuffs: Creation of a biological Bar-Code by PCR-DGGE

D. Montet, et. al

[Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le developpement, CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, TA 95B/16, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France]

The determination of geographical origin is a demand of the traceability system of import-export foodstuff. One hypothesis of tracing the source of a product is by analyzing in a global way the microbial communities of the food and links statistically this analysis to the geographical origin of the food (Montet et al., 2004). The molecular technique employing 26S rDNA profiles generated by PCR-DGGE was used to detect the variation in the yeast community structures of fruits (El Sheikha et al., 2009). We applied this new technique on Physalis fruits from three countries (Egypt, Colombia, Uganda) and on shea tree from four countries (Cameroon, Mali, Senegal, Uganda). The DGGE gels showed some significant differences in the migration patterns. However, the duplicates for each sampling location gave statistically similar DGGE patterns throughout the study. We demonstrated that there was a link between the yeast populations and the geographical area. When the 26S rDNA profiles were analyzed by multivariate analysis, distinct microbial communities were detected. The band profiles from different countries were different and were specific for each country and could be used as a bar code to discriminate the origin of the fruits. This method is a new traceability tool which provides fruit products with a unique bar code and makes it possible to trace back the fruits to their original country.
Physalis is included in the priority list of many governments horticulture and fruit export plan. It is exported from several countries including Colombia, Egypt, Zimbabwe and South Africa, but Colombia stands out as one of the largest producers, consumers and exporters. Colombia exports of Physalis in 2004 were worth 14 millions USD (El Sheikha et al., 2008a). In Egypt, economical importance of Physalis is rising, due to, achieving a great success in local, Arabic and European markets (El Sheikha, 2004).
Physalis as the whole plant has many medicinal properties, including antipyretic, depurative, diuretic, pectoral, and vermifuge. A decoction is used in the treatment of abscesses, cough, fevers or sore throat (Duke and Ayensu 1985). The pulp is nutritious, containing particularly high levels of carotenoids, minerals, essential amino acids and vitamin C (El Sheikha et al., 2008b).
Regarding shea tree fruits, only seven countries have statistics. Nigeria accounts for more than 60% of the production of shea butter in 2005. It is followed by Mali, Ghana and Burkina Faso, which together account for just under a third of world production in 2005. In Europe, shea butter is used mainly (95%) by the chocolate industry. The quantities exported to Japan, the United States or Switzerland would be mainly used for cosmetic or pharmacological (FAOSTAT, 2007).

Developing Drought Resistant Cassava and Eggplant through Induced Variation and Cloning of Drought Resistance-related Genes

Enny Sudarmonowati, S. Sugiharti, S. Hartati, S. Kurniawati

[Research Centre for Biotechnology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia/LIPI/Indonesian Institute of Sciences; Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911. Telp. 62-21-875 4587, Fax. 62-21-875 4588, email: s_enny@hotmail.com]

Crop production has been affected by long dry season (drought) which has also impacted the food availability. The phenomenon has been worsened by longer dry season due to global warming. Efforts to obtain cassava (Manihot esculenta) and eggplant (Solanum spp) resistant to drought through selection and isolation and characterization the genes or protein related to drought for future genetic transformation have been initiated at Research Centre for Biotechnology-LIPI utilizing over 180 and 849 numbers of accessions, respectively, collected from various parts of Indonesia. Cassava is an important staple food in certain regions in Indonesia- which is known could be grown in marginal land also could not stand severe drought which has occurred in Indonesia recently. Eggplant and its relatives as one of important vegetable in Indonesia especially in certain parts as it relates to food consumption habit, contains vitamin C, vitamin E and health related compound and other important metabolites such as anti cancer. A number of drought resistant individuals have been obtained through selection of 10-30 krad irradiated cassava in the field during severe dry season in 2007 without watering. Mutants would also be induced through somaclonal variation. Selection based on beta carotene content has resulted in one cassava local genotype i.e. Timtim 40 containing high beta carotene (16.83 ppm) as compared to others i.e. 0 ppm of Sarewen and Muneng and Timtim 29 which were 1.03-1.61 ppm, which is not only a vitamin A precursor but also believed to be one of key indicators of drought resistance in plants. These cassava superior genotypes are potential to be developed not only for nutritious improvement in areas with malnutrition problems. Further work need to be conducted such as sequence analysis following the sequence of Phytoene syntase (Psy) fragment at the size of 500 kb of RT-PCR of Mentega and Apuy genotypes using heterolog primer from other crops and at 700 kb using homolog primer from CIATÃ (Colombia) cassava collection that have been obtained. A protein related to drought i.e. Aquaporin will also be isolated from survived cassava and cloned. One individual of one accession of eggplant collection i.e. that collected from Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta Province showed high tolerance to water insufficiency and all individuals of another accession collected in another area of Gunung Kidul could recover after re-watering for 1 week indicated by new shoots emerging from near the basal stem. A number of eggplant accessions have been selected for drought resistant after 45 days without watering in the green house condition. Further work on eggplant covering to isolate ADC gene with RT-PCR using primers to be designed based on ADC gene bank data base of other crops such as corn and Brassica will be conducted. Cloning of those genes to pGEM-T-easy vector and sequence analysis and genetic transformation of both crops, will be conducted. Release of new varieties of these crops to face climate change to enhance food security is a long term goal of this research.

Keywords: cassava, eggplant, drought, beta carotene, aquaporin, induced variation.

Designing Climate Robust Systems-Science for Adaptation

Holger Meinke [Centre for Crop Systems Analysis (CCSA), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, email: holger.meinke@wur.nl]

To facilitate stakeholder dialogues in the development and implementation of adaptation options, we use an adaptation cycle that requires quantitative information, which can only be obtained through participatory simulation modeling. Technical adaptations tools and approaches are evaluated through this process, ranging from genetic engineering, to phenotype expression, to crop and cropping system management, to regional governance and policy setting. This generates insights into complex system interactions and leads to adaptation by design. Our initial research focus is on improving eco-efficiencies (water, nitrogen, land, capital and labour) of rice-based farming systems.

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References:

Meinke, H., Howden, S.M., Struik, P.C., Nelson, R., Rodriguez, D. and Chapman, S.C., 2009. Adaptation science for agricultural and natural resource management - Urgency and theoretical basis. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1, 69 - 76.
Yin, X. and Struik, P.C., 2008. Applying modelling experiences from the past to shape crop systems biology: the need to converge crop physiology and functional genomics, New Phytologist 179: 629-642.

Cross Flow Type Cooling Tower To Improve Yield of Patchouli Oil in Distillation Procession

Wiludjeng Trisasiwi [Agricultural Engineering Department, Agriculture Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. Dr. Soeparno Karangwangkal Purwokerto 53123, wiludjengsiwi@yahoo.com]

Indonesia is the biggest exporter of patchouli oil in the world; almost 90% of patchouli oil demand was supplied by this country. According to the report of the Market Study Essential Oils and Oleoresin, the world wide production of patchouli oil is about 500550 ton each year, while Indonesia produce about 450 ton each year. Since 1999, production of Indonesian patchouli oil has been decrease drastically. The one of the affected factor is the distillation technology is still old, so the quality of patchouli oil is having low market acceptability.

Small-scale industry of patchouli oil usually uses cooling pond water in the distillation process. The water pond condenser system generally can not reduce enough the high temperature of the water. This method causes the patchouli oil yield low because the mix of steam and vaporized patchouli oil is not condensed perfectly. This will make vaporized patchouli oil go out to surrounding.

This research is aimed to test the performance of cooling tower to decrease the temperature of water pond. The cross flow type of cooling tower is made of steel material with height 6 m, length 6 m, and width 3 m. The cooling tower consists of four traps and each of the traps installed with baffles from bamboo. Dimension of water pond is 6 m length, 3 m width, and 2 m depth; so the volume of water is 36 m3. Energy needed just energy for operate water pump for circulate pond water through cooling tower, without need fan because air flow by natural convection.

Result of research show that the performance of cooling tower expressed in terms of the range is the reduction in temperature of the water through the cooling tower is 12C. This cooling tower could increase the patchouli oil yield about 0.3 percent, from 1.5 to 1.8 percent.

Energy/Biofuel

Suppression of N₂O Production and Soil Urease Activity by nitrification inhibitor prepared from Neem (Azadirachta indica)

Oslan Jumadi¹⁾, Safri Azis¹⁾, Darmawati R.¹⁾Hiroki Saito²⁾, Yusminah Hala¹⁾ and Kazuyuki Inubushi²⁾
[¹⁾ Dept. of Biology, Makassar State University, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90224, Indonesia. oslanj@gmail.com. ²⁾ Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, 271-8510, Japan.]

Most of the fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to soils is in the form of ammonium (NH₄⁺) or NH₄⁺ producing compounds such as urea and organic manure. Oxidation of NH₄⁺ to _NO3^- by nitrifiers or nitrification affects the fate of the fertilizer N. It also promotes gaseous loss of fertilizer N because it produces nitrous oxide (N₂O). Therefore, a potentially effective strategy for reducing emissions of N₂O would be the inhibition of nitrification or denitrification. The effect of urea and nitrification inhibitors namely neem [prepared from seed extracted from neem tree (Azadirachta indica)] and dicyandiamide (DCD, a chemical synthetic) on reduction of N₂O and soil urease activity have been investigated under incubation. Four different soil types were used. Soils received 150 mg-N kg^-1 of nitrogen fertilizer as urea, urea+neem cake, urea+neem oil, urea + DCD and no nitrogen application (control). The nitrification inhibitors (neem or DCD) were added about 20% of amount of nitrogen fertilizer. 25 grams of soil samples from each treatment were weighed in triplicate into 150 ml bottles that were sealed and incubated aerobically at room temperature (25°C) for 35 days. Every 7 days the gases in the headspace of each bottle were taken to quantify the concentrations of N₂O using gas chromatographs (GC-ECD), while urease was determined at the end of incubation. The results shown that there are significant substantial repressions of N₂O production from soils with addition of both kind of nitrification inhibitor, however, DCD has more effective to reduce N₂O production from soils incubated compared to neem. All nitrification inhibitor seems work well at clay soil type (Takalar and Makassar soils) compared to loam-silt (Takalar soils). The activity of urease was less in soils that received neem compared to DCD, while, soil amended with urea lonely has highest activity 51 μg N at Makassar loam- clay soil.

Academic institutions have much to offer in participating in this ambitious program, particularly in implementing Sustainable Development as part of the curriculum by combining education, research, and community services in an integrated and holistic approach, along with concrete actions. The design of activities needs to be set up carefully in order to ensure sustainability of the program, by involving all parties and stakeholders, such as universities (including academic staff and students), governments, industries, and local communities, etc.

Indonesia has plenty of opportunities to apply Sustainable Development concept into the development planning especially when considering decentralization program to 33 provinces and thousand of islands. Sustainable development is commonly approached by using the triple bottom line concept: the ecological/environmental, economical, and social - where neither one of them can be neglected during the design, process and implementation of the development.

Lesson learned from development projects in rural areas have demonstrated that technological solutions to critical problems for the developing world can be effectively achieved if careful consideration is given to the process of building partnerships with the range of stakeholders involved in addition to empowering local communities to have a strong sense of ownership of the innovations. With appropriate planning, there are opportunities to control emission of CO₂ resulted from the development process by utilizing renewable energy applications which in turn reducing the potential of climate change.

The effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) and dicyandiamide on nitrification and soil microbial properties

Yusminah Hala ¹⁾, Nurmuliayanti Muis¹⁾, Ermila Rusmala¹⁾, Meylani Hadi CR¹⁾, Oslan Jumadi¹⁾ and Kazuyuki Inubushi²⁾
[¹⁾ Dept. of Biology, Makassar State University, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90224, Indonesia. Contact: yushala@internux.web.id ²⁾ Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, 271-8510, Japan.]

The use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers increases the amount of available N in the soil and improves the productivity of agricultural crops. However, up to about 60% of N fertilizers can be lost through leaching of mobile N compounds such as nitrate (NO₃^-) and evolution as nitrous oxide (N₂O) and dinitrogen (N₂). Hence, inhibition of this process will suppress rate of nitrogen lost from the soil. Nitrification inhibitors have been used in the field to improve the efficiency of fertilizers and to reduce both nitrate leaching and denitrification by maintaining the N in the soil as NH₄⁺. Dicyandiamide (DCD) acts as a nitrification inhibitor by inhibiting the first stage of the nitrification process, the oxidation of NH₄⁺ to NO₂^-, and by rendering bacterial enzymes ineffective. Due to the price of DCD is expensive, it is worth to use another nitrification inhibitor that find easily and cheap in Indonesia such neem or Intaran (Azadirachta indica). Soil sampling was done at four places in South Sulawesi province. Soil samples were taken at 15 cm depth after removed debris layer on top of surface soils. The rate of nitrification was determined by incubation techniques. Ammonium (NH₄⁺) and NO₃^- contents in soil were determined by nitroprusside and hydrazine reduction method, respectively. The fungi population was determined by plate count, while ammonium oxidation bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidation bacteria (NOB) by MPN (Most Probable Number). Results shown that the rate of mineralization of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- contents in the incubated soil samples were less in amendments of nitrification inhibitor compared with urea only, particularly in the Takalar`s silt-clay and Makassar loam-clay soils. Among the soil sample the numbers of AOB were not significantly different, but number of NOB was fluctuating in all soil samples. The population of NOB seems lower compared to AOB in soils. Meanwhile, addition of neem cake has increasing the number of fungi population compared to other treatments. These results suggest that there is a potential for inhibit rate of nitrification by applying neem as organic nitrification inhibitor and the addition of nitrification inhibitors seem did not significantly alter the AOB and NOB population in the soil samples, but, increased the fungi population particularly in soil that received neem cake.

Climate Change Mitigation Through Utilization of Renewable Energy Resources

Ahmad Agus Setiawan [Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Jl Grafika 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia, Phone/Fax : +62 274 580882, E-mail: a.setiawan@ugm.ac.id or ahmadagus_s@yahoo.com]

The United Nations has agreed on a commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015, which responds to the world's main development challenges. The MDG's are eight goals drawn from the actions and targets included in the Millennium Declaration that was adopted by 189 nations and signed by 147 heads of state and governments during the UN Millennium Summit in September 2000. Among these targets are: eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, ensuring environmental sustainability, and developing a global partnership for development.

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Methane production and efficiency of feed energy utilization inclusion of urea treated cocoa feed as barley grain substitution in ruminant ration

Despal [Dept. Animal Nutrition & Feed Technology, Fac. Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University/IPB, Indonesia Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, 16680 Bogor email: despal@ipb.ac.id]

Enteric fermentation in ruminant stomach constitutes the largest CH₄ source, 32% of total non-CO₂ emission from agriculture in 2005 (US-EPA, 2006a). Methane is produced in the fore-stomach of ruminant either is due to cleavage of acetate by acetoclastic acetogens or by reduction of CO₂, CH3OH or formate to CH₄ utilizing H₂. Methane production in ruminant represents 10% loss of feed energy, therefore always encouraging animal nutritionist in minimizing the proportion of CH₄ production. There are several possibilities in lowering methane production from ruminant e.g. feeding strategy, feed supplementation and long-term breeding strategy. Improving feed quality fed to animal is one of feeding strategy that could reduce up to 20% of CH₄ production.
Unfortunately, availability of quality forage is a major constraint in ruminant production in Indonesia, particularly during the dry season. The farmer is forced to use low quality but abundantly available agriculture by-product such as cocoa pod. As a late-maturing plant component, the pod contains high lingo-cellulosic and low non-polysaccharide substances which lead to low digestibility and high energy CH₄ losses. Therefore, an attempt to improve feed digestibility will decrease CH₄ loss simultaneously.
Urea treatment is one of the alkali treatments to improve lingo-cellulosic material digestibility. Application 20 g urea per kg cocoa pods (w/w fresh material) resulted higher digestibility in compare to 10 and 30 g (Despal, 2005). The urea treated cocoa pod was used as substitute (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of barley grain in ruminant ration. The study was conducted using rumen simulation technique according to Czerkawski and Breckendridge (1977) procedure. Decreasing CH₄ production in ration contained > 25% urea treated cocoa pod were caused by the low activities of microbial which lead to low digestibility and feed efficiency. It was concluded that up to 25% urea treated cocoa pod could replace barley grain in ruminant ration.

Keywords: Cocoa pod, feed efficiency, methane, mitigation, ruminant.

Marine Photosynthetic Microbes for Alternative Energies Resources

Dwi Susilaningsih^1*), T. Umi Harwati¹⁾, Khairul Anam¹⁾, M. Sidiq Habibi¹⁾, Hilda¹⁾, Ambar Susilorukmi²⁾, Toeti S²⁾, Saenab³⁾, Cakra Roy³⁾and Bambang Prasetya¹⁾, [¹⁾ Research Center for Biotechnology LIPI, Jl Raya Bogor Km.46 Cibinong Bogor Indonesia16911;²⁾ Research Center for Physic LIPI, Jl Cisitu Lama, Bandung, Indonesia; ³⁾ Enlightening Indonesia, Makasar, Sulawesi, Indonesia]

* Correspondence Author:
Research Center for Biotechnology LIPI, Jl Raya Bogor Km.46 Cibinong Bogor
Indonesia 16911, Tel. +62-21-8754587; Fax. +62-21-8754588; Email; dwis002@lipi.go.id

Soaring energy consumption, increasing greenhouse gas emissions and concerns over energy import dependence are prompting global changes in the sources from which energy is expected to be derived in the coming years. Energy consumption is projected to increase at the highest rates in developing countries and particularly in Asia. Fossil fuels are expected to account for the bulk of the increase in energy supply. Although per capita levels of consumption will remain below those in the industrialized world, energy consumption in developing countries is expected to surpass that of developed countries by 2010. Alternative forms of energy are receiving considerable interest as a means to reduce fossil fuel consumption and limit greenhouse gas emissions.

Marine biotechnology is emerging as new strategy as promising problem solving those crises (food suffered, health-drain, damages environment and energy crises). Developing tropical marine resources in particularly the utilization of marine biomass and their biodiversity for useful purposes of mankind such as food stock, chemicals and energy agents are being important due to the limitation of agriculture land, environmental damages and limited fossil fuel energy. In this regard we have research on utilization of selected and screened microalgae origin from tropical area (Indonesia) for starch and diesel oil, hydrogen and hydrocarbon sources. Four (5) strains of marine microalgae of Scenedesmus, Tetraselmis, Chlorella, Nannochloropsis and BTM 1 have synthesized lipid in their cells around 40-70% based on cells dry weight, in laboratory scale. Two (2) strains of acidic-hot-spring cyanobacteria (Ctr-1 and Ctr-4) have positively excreted the hydrogen gas during cultivation with rate around 10-12 ml/100 ml formed gas units. 13 strains of marine microalgae (Chlorophytes and cyanobacteria) were synthesized or deposit the hydrocarbon in their cells around 20-40% based on cells dry weight.

Keywords: biodiesel, biohydrogen, energies base microalgae, hydrocarbon, reduction green house gaseous, tropical microalgae

Biofuel from Asian moon scallop, Amusium pleuronectes (Mollusca, Bivalvia) flesh

Soni Prima Nugroho¹⁾ , Jusup Suprijanto¹⁾, Bambang Cahyono²⁾ dan Ita Widowati¹⁾ [¹⁾ Marine Sciences Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang- Indonesia. ²⁾ Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang-Indonesia. Contact person : jusup.suprijanto@undip.ac.id; ita.widowati@undip.ac.id]

Petroleum product demand in the transportation sector continues to increase. Meanwhile, Indonesia's oil resources and installed capacity of oil refineries is not sufficient to meet domestic demand. Therefore, we must find alternative fuels to replace oil-based fuel products. Biofuels, such as vegetable oil may be an option. Amusium pleuronectes is one of the marine biota is very prospective to be developed. Several fatty acid compounds contained in natural materials, for the first time has been identified as the methyl esters that can be used as raw vegetable oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of oil viscosity and density Amusium pleuronectes was used as a vegetable oil. The study was conducted in July 2009 - September 2009 in the Laboratory of Marine Sciences Department Undip, Semarang. GC-MS analysis in the Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. The viscosity and density analysis conducted in the laboratory Petroleum and Coal Chemical Engineering Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Method of analysis performed using ASTM D 445 method to measure the level of viscosity and method of ASTM D1298 to measure the density of the oil content of meat simping. The results showed that levels of oil viscosity of flesh meat of Amusium pleuronectes for 68.17 (mm2.s-1) whereas the standard vegetable oil amounted to 40 - 80 category MVI (Medium Viscosity Index). Oil density levels of flesh meat of Amusium pleuronectes 949.70 (kg / ml) whereas the standard vegetable oil amounted 800-1010 kg/m3 (Fuel Oils).

Keywords: Amusium pleuronectes, density, vegetable oils, viscosity.

ENERGY PROJECTS in TÜBITAK UME Energy Projects in TÜBITAK UME

Ahmet C Gören [TÜBITAK UME, Group of Chemistry, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey]

UME has three ongoing Energy projects. These are, National Fuel Marker Project, Characterization of Biofuels and Synthetic Fuel Production and Certification.

The National Fuel Marker Project aims to provide a solution to the problems of fuel smuggling and fuel adulteration in Turkey, which result in a loss of tax revenue and unfair competition in the petroleum derivatives market. A protocol signed on March 17, 2006, between TÜITAK and the Energy Market Regulatory Authority, delegated the development and implementation of a National Fuel Marker System to the institutes of TÜBITAK.

The National Marker System consists of a combination of chemical formulae (marker) added to fuels before introducing it to the market in order to differentiate between the legal and illegal fuels and test instruments, which are selectively sensitive to the National Marker. Initial data collected after the implementation of the system suggest that the circulation of smuggled and adulterated fuel products on the Turkish market has been curbed to a significant degree.

The Characterization of Biofuels Project: Biofuel (biodiesel and bioethanol) is an important resource for its sustainable and renewable character. Nowadays, the methyl esters of different vegetable oils (i.e. sunflower, corn, soybean, peanut, rapeseed, coconut, cotton and linseed) are known as biodiesel. Corn is one of the biggest sources of bioethanol. Greenhouse gas emissions from the use of biofuels vary according to the raw materials used in production. In situ analysis during biofuel production needs accurate and validated methods. This study will be helpful for monitoring the quality of raw materials and biofuel on the following items: fatty acid methyl ester content, methanol, glycerine, water, trace elements etc. Many trace element standards are available in water matrices but there are no commercially available traceable standards in biofuel matrices. Traceable and accurate measurements of biofuel will be helpful in decreasing greenhouse effects of fuel with lower emission levels and to guide the engineers working on new engine designs. This area is also a core subject of the Energy initiative of EMRP (European Metrology Research Programme) in the field of "Metrology for Biofuels".

Synthetic Fuel Production and Certification, The last project in this topic is the production of synthetic fuels and their characterization. TÜBITAK UME has developed an in-house method for the synthesis of synthetic fuel that is very important for the long distance aviation for civil and military purposes. The certification of the synthesized compounds has also been carried out.

McCormick, R.L. 2006 Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide Third Edition. U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information.

Kemp, William. Biodiesel: Basics and Beyond. Canada: Aztext Press, 2006.

Ahmet C. Gören, Turgut Kiliç, Tuncay Dirmenci and Gökhan Bilsel. Chemotaxonomic evaluation of Turkish species of Salvia: Fatty acid compositions of seed oils. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 34, 2, 2006, 160-164.

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Lithium Battery the Best Energy Storage

Bambang Prihandoko and Masbah R.T. Siregar [Research Centre for Physics ; LIPI, PUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang, Indonesia 15314]

Energy storage, like lithium battery, has important role in the development of renewable energy. Li-Ion batteries offer several advantages over other types of rechargeable batteries, including lighter weight, higher power and higher energy. They offer major advantages for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), as well as other applications. As battery developers work to create larger lithium-ion batteries, however, they are faced with four main challenges: safety, cost, life and performance (power and energy) over a wide temperature range.

Research Centre for Physics develops solid lithium batteries. The component materials from advanced ceramic materials had made with method of powder metallurgy. The components of battery cell are composite materials with polymer or ceramic matrix. The solid polymer battery had made with method of sheet casting and doctor blade. The solid ceramic battery had made with powder metallurgy and quenching method. The composition of battery cell is graphite as anode material, LTAP as electrolyte material and LiMn2O4 as cathode material. The cell has a high potential of 4 volt with stable potential about 2.3 volt. The solid ceramic battery can be used on temperature 200°C.

Reducing of Environmental Pollution Using In-Door Parabolic Solar Cooker PSC-2009a

Ropiudin [Agricultural Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. Dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia 53123. Phone +6281548858100, E-mail: ropi21@yahoo.com]

Indonesia has a massive potential solar energy, available throughout the year and not fully yet optimized. Solar energy has more advantages, i.e.: environmental friendly, free of charge, and renewable. As tropical country, Indonesia has abundant solar energy potency with average solar irradiation is 4.8-5.2 kWh/m2/day.

One matter of solar energy utilization is solar thermal. More potential solar thermal technology to be developed is solar cooker. Research about solar cooker was intensively done. New design of solar cooker technology is in door parabolic solar cooker, PSC-2009a. PSC-2009a has several advantages than others, i.e.: cooking activity in the kitchen room, it can reduce cost of cooking up to 75%, secure with internal thermal transmission, has manual tracker to shoot parabolic concentrator always perpendicular with solar declination, has automatic switch with LPG tube, easy used, easy constructed, and made from local material.

Environmental impact analysis of solar cooker has been done, especially PSC-2009a. The analysis shows that PSC-2009a can reduce any environmental pollutions from kitchen are air pollution and thermal pollution. The analysis shows that application of PSC-2009a can reduce air pollution up to 65% and thermal pollution up to 50%. More applications of this technology is predicted can be reduce environmental impact and repair air quality significantly, both national and international area.

Keyword: Solar energy, in door parabolic solar cooker, air pollution, thermal pollution

Nanocrystalline Mg-based hydrides as hydrogen storage material for fuel cell powered vehicle

Zulkarnain Jalil, Bambang Soegijono and Azwar Manaf [School of Materials Science, University of Indonesia Jl. Salemba Raya 4, Jakarta, INDONESIA]

In the future, hydrogen could potentially serve as a common clean energy source. A major barrier to its widespread use as a commercially viable fuel for vehicles is the lack of convenient and cost-effective hydrogen storage. Current hydrogen storage technologies rely on liquid and compressed-gas systems. But, hydrogen can also be stored in various metals and intermetallic compounds called metal hydrides. Metal hydrides, however, are an alternative means for the compact and safe storage of hydrogen, by converting it into a dense solid form. Here, we report the structural and sorption behavior investigation of nanocrystalline MgH2 catalyzed some elemental which produced by milled using mechanical alloying route.

Keywords: hydrogen energy, magnesium, metal hydrides, hydrogen storage.

The Extension of Enviromentally Friendly Eelctrical Energy Production Using PrOX Catalyst

A.Hanafi.S [Research Centre for Chemistry-Indonesian Institute for Science Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Serpong 15320, Tangerang Selatan, INDONESIA; Email: achmad.hanafi@gmail.com]

Fuel cell is an important enabling technology for future sustainable energy system. The cell are both environmentally friendly and directly convert the chemical energy of a fuel(hydrogen) and an oxidant (oxygen) into electricity of an electrochemical process.

Progress in fuel cell relies heavily on material development, and, although significant progress has been made, many technical challenges remain to be overcome before FC can be widely commercialized. Different types of fuel cells can be distinguished on the basic of the operation temperature and the nature of electrolyte used. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM) is a fuel cell that can operate at lowest temperature of 80oC. The current PEM technology requires relatively clean hydrogen, since CO poisoning can limit the available fuels. Therefore, expanding the fuel tolerance of PEM is an important
issue. A preferential oxidation (PrOx) catalyst is required to oxidize CO and thus reduce poisoning. However, the catalyst must work in hydrogen. If PEM fuel cells can be developed to use "dirtier" fuel, the cost of their use will be decreased significantly.

One approach is to pretreat the gas before it enters the fuel cell. This is the most straight forward, but requires a separate gas treatment system. We
are looking at the possibility of putting the PrOx in the fuel cell. The PrOx requires oxygen to oxidize the CO, so one question is how much oxygen required for the PrOx to be effective? Is the amount of oxygen crossover from the cathode sufficient? If not, does oxygenneed to be added to remove adsorbed CO.

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